![]() Winkler, who is currently a professor of the classics at George Mason University, and published by Ohio State University Press in 2009. Most of the information that I will be discussing in this article is based on research that comes from the book The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology, which was written by the scholar Martin M. The Nazis, in turn, adopted it from the Italian Fascists. Over the course of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it became incorporated into numerous stage plays and films set in ancient Rome, leading the Italian Fascists to adopt it, believing that it was Roman. The salute’s traceable history begins with a late eighteenth-century French Neoclassical painter. The true origins of the Nazi salute are far more strange. There is, however, no evidence that anyone in ancient Rome ever used the form of the straight-arm salute that was used by the Italian Fascists and German Nazis. ![]() Various modern-day fascists and Neo-Nazis have tried to do the same thing. ![]() The Italian Fascists and the German Nazis both believed that this salute originated with the ancient Romans and tried to use the salute’s supposed Roman origins in order to bolster their own prestige and portray themselves as continuing the Roman legacy. In the 1920s, 30s, and 40s, the National Fascist Party (i.e., the PNF) in Italy and the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (i.e., the NSDAP or Nazi Party) in Germany both used a salute that consisted of a straight, rigid arm raised into the air above the shoulders with the hand parallel to the rest of the arm and the palm facing toward the ground.
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